Equipment / Component input on the PC includes unit, unit process and unit
output. So that the computer can be used to process the data,
it must be in the form of a system called the system
computer. In general, the system consists of the elements
interconnected to form a single unit to perform
a central objective of the system.
The ultimate goal of a computer system to process data for
generate information that needs to be supported by elements
which consists of hardware (hardware), software
(Software), and brainware. Hardware is hardware
computer itself, is a software program that contains
commands to perform certain processes, and brainware
are humans involved in operating and
manage computer systems.
The three elements of a computer system must be interconnected
and form a unity. Hardware without software
software will not mean anything, just a dead thing. Second
hardware and software also may not work if there is no
people who operate them.
1) Structure and Function of Computer
The structure of the computer is defined as the ways of each component
interrelated. The structure of a simple computer, can
depicted in the block diagram. While the function
computer is defined as the operation of each component
as part of the structure. The function of each
components of the structure are as follows:
a) Input Device (Alarm Input)
Is a computer hardware that serves as a tool for
enter data or commands into a computer. Input device
is a tool that is used to receive input from outside the system,
and the input signal can be either input or maintenance. Inside
computer systems, the input signal in the form of data entered into the
computer system, while the input in the form of maintenance program
used to process the data entered. Thus, the
input device is also used to enter the data as well as to
enter the program.
Some input devices have a dual function, as well as the
also serve as input devices output devices simultaneously. The instrument
thus referred to as terminal. Terminals can be connected to
computer system using a direct cable or through a tool
communication.
Terminals can be classified as non-intelligent terminals, smart
terminals and intelligent terminals. Only non-intelligent terminal
serves as a tool to enter the viewer input and output, and
can not be programmed because it does not have the processing equipment.
Tools like this are also called dumb terminals. Smart
terminal devices have processors and memory in it so
input is already entered can be corrected again. Although
Thus, the terminal type can not be programmed by the user,
except by the manufacturers. While intelligent terminal can
programmed by the user.
Equipment that only serves as input devices can be classified
a means of direct and indirect input. Input Tool Direct
the input is entered directly processed by the processing equipment,
whereas indirect input devices through a particular medium before
an input is processed by the processing equipment.
The tool can be directly input keyboard (keyboard), pointing
device (eg mouse, touch screen, light pen, graphics digitizer
tablets), scanners (eg magnetic ink character recognition, optical
Data reader or optical character recognition reader), sensor
(Eg digitizing camera), voice recognizer (eg microphone).
While indirect input devices such as a keypunch
conducted through the medium of punched card (relieved), key-to-tape
recording data to the tape-shaped media (tape) before being processed by
processing equipment, and key-to-disk recording data to magnetic media
disk (eg floppy or hard drive) before further processing.
(1) Keyboard
It is the standard input device is required in each PC.
This component is not experiencing rapid development. Only
the connector in its PC are experiencing growth.
Starting with the XT keyboard, PS2 keyboard, USB keyboard, and a
is now developing a new wireless keyboard
(2) Mouse
Mouse is an input component sanagt needed if
using a graphical operating system. Mouse over many
eprkembangannya of the keyboard.
Halted from serial mouse, PS / 2 mouse, scroll mouse, and when the mouse
optics.
b) Output Device (Alarm Output)
Is a computer hardware whose function is to display the
output as a result of data processing. Output can be either hardcopy
(The paper), soft-copy (to the monitor), or in the form of sound.
The output generated from the processor can be classified into
four forms, namely the writing (letters, numbers, special symbols), image
(In the form of graphs or pictures), sound, and other forms that can be
read by machine (machine-readable form). The first three groups
is the output that can be used directly by humans,
while the last class is usually used as an input to
the next process of the computer. Hardware output can be:
?? Hard-copy device, the device used to print
writing and images on hard media such as paper or film.
?? Soft-copy device, the device used to display
writings and images in the media in the form of an electronic signal software.
?? Drive device or driver, which is a tool used to
record symbol in a form that can only be read by
machine on media such as magnetic disk or magnetic tape. Tool
This acts as both a tool and as a tool output
inputs. Now a growing medium is a disk storage
drive, hard disk, CD-ROM/CD-RW.
c) I / O Ports
This section is used to receive or send data to the outside
systems. I / O port is also called with the interface (between
advance) for the input and output devices on the connected via
this port.
d) CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is the brain of computer systems, and has two parts function
operations, namely: ALU (Arithmetical Logical Unit) as the center
data processing, and CU (Control Unit) as a working controller
computer.
CPU is a processor instruction program, which
on a microcomputer called the micro-processor (processor
micro). This processor is a chip consisting of thousands to
millions IC. In the world of trading, these processors are named according
with the wishes of the author and are generally coupled with
serial number, known as processors Intel 80486 DX2-400 (made
Intel 80486 DX2-400 series, known as a 486
DX2), Intel Pentium 100 (Pentium I computers known), Intel
Pentium II-350, Intel Pentium III-450, Intel Celeron 333, AMD K-II,
and so on. Each of these products has its advantages and
disadvantages of each.
e) Memory
(1) Random Access Memory (RAM)
All data and programs are put through an input will
be stored in the main memory, especially RAM, which
randomly accessible (can be charged / written, drawn, or deleted
content) by the programmer. RAM structure is divided into four parts
, namely:
?? Input storage, used to hold input
inserted through the instrument input.
?? Program storage, used to store all instruksiinstruksi
program to be accessed.
?? Working storage, used to store data that will
processed and results processing.
?? Output storage, used to hold the final results of the
processing of the data to be displayed to the output device.
Input is entered through input devices will be accommodated first
first in the input storage. If the input is a program that
will be moved to the storage program, and if the shape of the data
will be moved to the working storage. The results of the processing are also
accommodated first in the working storage and when it will
displayed to the output device then the results are transferred to the output
storage.
(2) Read Only Memory (ROM)
From the name, ROM can only be read so that the programmer does not
can fill anything into the ROM. ROM has been filled by the factory
the author in the form of an operating system consisting of programs
principal required by the computer system, such as
program to set the appearance of the characters on the screen, filling
the keyboard key for the purposes of a specific control, and
bootstrap program. Bootstrap program is required at the time of the first
time computer system is activated. Process to enable computer
first is called the boot, which can be cold
boot or warm boot.
Cold booting a computer system to enable the
the first time to take a bootstrap program from the state electricity
computer is off (off) come alive (on). While warm boot
an iterative process of decision bootstrap program on
while the computer is still alive by pressing three buttons
on the keyboard at the same time, the Ctrl, Alt, and Del. This process is
usually done when the computer freezes system, rather than having
power down the computer and turn it back on.
The instructions stored in ROM called
microinstruction or firmware due to hardware and software
put together by the manufacturer. The contents of the ROM should not be
lost or damaged because if it does, then the system
the computer will not be able to function. Therefore, to
stop the manufacturers designing such ROM
a way that can only be read, not its contents can be changed by
others. In addition, the ROM is non volatile so it is not
lost when the computer power is turned off.
In other cases it possible to change the contents of ROM, namely
reprogrammed by the instructions on the
it. This type of ROM that is placed on a chip
house that has windows on it. ROM that can be
is reprogrammed PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory),
that can only be programmed once, and thereafter may not be
changed back. Another type is EPROM (Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory) that can be erased with ultraviolet light and
can be reprogrammed repeatedly. In addition, there are also
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed.